This probably
isn’t the first time you’ve
heard of them. Allergies are so common 20% of Americans have some kind
of allergic reaction or another to certain external stimuli whether
food,
water, or air. But what are allergies? And why do we get them?
Allergies (Type
I Hypersensitivity)
are actually a malfunction of our immune system so that our body
becomes
hypersensitized and reacts immunologically to typically non-immunogenic
substances. The substances that cause our bodies to become this way are
called allergens.
In 1906,
Viennese pediatrician, Clemens
von Pirquet, first coined the term “allergies” after he observed that
certain
symptoms of his patients might have been a response to outside
allergens,
like dust, pollen, or certain foods.
Signs and
Symptoms
You know your
allergies are starting
up again if you experience swelling in parts of your body. This is
called
local or systemic inflammatory response, caused by the presence of
allergens.
For instance, if your allergies affect you in the nose, you will
experience
swelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis). During this
condition,
you will probably find yourself performing the “nasal salute” more than
necessary as itching of your nose will induce you to wipe your nose in
an upward direction.
On the other
hand, if the allergies
hit you in the eyes, redness and itching of the conjunctiva often
follows.
Other common signs of allergies are wheezing and dyspnoea,
bronchoconstriction,
and sometimes outright attacks of asthma. You may also experience
various
rashes, such as eczema, hives, and contact dermatitis.
Systemic
allergic responses are more
serious compared to local symptoms. Depending on the severity of your
response,
allergies can cause cutaenous reactions, bronchoconstriction, edema,
hypotension,
coma, and even death.
Hay fever is
actually one example of
minor allergies caused by airborne pollen. But aside from environmental
factors, allergies may also be triggered by medications.
Why do we get
allergies?
Our immune
system is a well-trained
and disciplined bio-weapon that protects our bodies from harmful
substances.
Its mechanics is so amazing that it can identify and destroy many
foreign
invaders. However, as amazing as our immune system is, it makes
mistakes
sometimes. And so we have allergies, which, as we mentioned, results
from
a hypersensitive immune system.
The
hypersensitized immune system misidentifies
an otherwise innocuous substance as harmful, and then attacks the
substance
with a degree of ferocity that is greater than required. As a result,
we
experience problems that can range from mildly inconvenient to
uncomfortable
to total failure of major organs of the body.
How does the
immune system go into
a hypersensitized state?
There are
actually several ideas on
this. Some schools premise that allergies are almost always triggered
by
protein. Certain persons have faulty genetic codes so that their
lymphocytes
or the white blood cells (the stuff that your immune system is made of)
are unable to property distinguish between the threatening and the
non-threatening
proteins.
So, for
example, when you ingest protein
from shellfish, your lymphocytes think that the substance is trying to
invade the body. As a result, they produce large amounts of antibodies
which attach themselves to mast cells and basophils throughout the
body.
This is known as the sensitizing exposure and this is the very reason
why
you suddenly develop allergies.